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The father agreed to make a mortgage to the bank in return for the promissory notes arterivirus generic microzide 12.5 mg with visa. It would seem that once undue pressure has been proved blood pressure 8850 order microzide us, the contract may still be held to be valid if the stronger party can show that the weaker party nevertheless exercised free and independent judgment: Barton v Armstrong (1975) blood pressure medication generic microzide 25 mg with visa. Class 2 Presumed undue influence In this situation blood pressure 120 0 order discount microzide, there is a relationship of trust and confidence between the parties of such a nature that it is fair to presume that the dominant party abused that relationship in procuring the weaker party to enter into the transaction. In such a case, undue influence is presumed to have been exerted without the need for the weaker party to prove that it has. If the dominant party wishes to enforce the transaction, the burden of proof falls on the dominant party to show that the weaker party entered into the transaction in consequence of having exercised independent judgment. The wife can raise a presumption of undue influence in such cases by showing that the transaction was to her manifest disadvantage. The bank can avoid this result by showing that the wife entered into the transaction of her own free will, with full realisation of the possible consequences. The case law shows that the best way for the bank to do this is to insist that the documentation be completed in the presence of a qualified legal practitioner. Note: although we have been speaking in terms of wives claiming undue influence, similar principles will apply to any case of presumed undue influence. In a recent case involving no less than eight appeals by wives, the Court of Appeal laid down useful guidance as to what level of legal advice is necessary in such cases. It has been made clear (see Inche Noriah v Bin Omar (1929)) that legal advice is not an absolute prerequisite for a bank to be able to enforce its security, but cases where it will be able to do so in the absence of legal advice must be very rare. The Court of Appeal laid down the following guidelines: (a) if a wife deals with a bank through a solicitor, whether it is her own solicitor or a solicitor who is acting for both herself and her husband, the bank was entitled to assume that the solicitor had given proper professional advice and had considered and advised upon any potential conflicts of interest; (b) if the wife did not approach the bank through a solicitor, it would be sufficient to protect the bank if the bank urges her to obtain independent legal advice. This is especially so if the solicitor confirms that he has explained the transaction and the wife appeared to understand it; (c) there is not always a conflict of interest between husband and wife. The fact that the solicitor was prepared to advise the wife indicates that he considered himself to be independent; (d) the bank is not required to enquire as to what advice the solicitor has given to the wife. Therefore, the bank could enforce the agreement); and 171 Law for Non-Law Students (f) if the solicitor advises the wife negligently, she will still be bound by her agreement with the bank, but she will have an action against the solicitor in respect of any loss she suffers. The trial judge held that although the bank was not entitled to rely on the certificate in order to show that the wife had had independent legal advice, nevertheless a presumption of undue influence could not arise because the wife had not shown that the transaction was to her manifest disadvantage: the transaction was to the future benefit of the family. The court held: (a) that the manifest disadvantage should not be looked at in a narrow way. The charge upon the matrimonial home covered all moneys owed to the bank for the time being, so that although the wife had charged the home for the purpose of buying a property in New York, the charge did not simply cover debts in respect of that property. On balance, this was a manifest disadvantage; and (b) the fact that the certificate of independent legal advice was signed by a legal executive did not invalidate it. The certificate confirmed that the full effect of the contents of the legal charge had been explained to the wife, that it was understood by her and that she had signed the charge of her own free will. It had been given by the legal executive acting within the authority given to him by his principal. One element of presumed undue influence which does not apply in the case of actual undue influence is that the party seeking to set the contract (or gift) aside must show that the transaction is to his manifest disadvantage. Presumed undue influence is of two types: Class 2A Certain relationships give rise to a presumption of undue influence as a matter of law. Established categories of special relationship include solicitor and client, doctor and patient, parent and child. Husband and wife is not among this category, but it is not difficult, in an appropriate case, to bring a case of husband and wife within class 2B, or within class 1. Class 2B this category does not automatically give rise to a presumption of undue influence. It requires the party who is seeking to avoid the agreement (the surety) to demonstrate, as a matter of fact, that there exists a special relationship between the surety and the person for whom the surety is being given (the beneficiary), whereby the surety relies on the beneficiary for advice. If the surety is able to demonstrate that this special relationship exists (as it may often do between husband and wife), this raises a presumption of undue influence in favour of the surety. In Lloyds Bank v Bundy (1975), D, an elderly farmer, and his son had been customers of the bank for many years. The bank had a conflict of interest and the defendant had not received independent advice. The bank manager assured her that the charge covered only the mortgage liabilities.
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The shaft may be an integral part of the driver arteria ileocolica purchase microzide 12.5 mg overnight delivery, such as a motor shaft or engine crankshaft hypertension in cats cheap microzide generic, or it may be a freestanding shaft connected to its neighbor by a coupling of some design define pulse pressure quizlet purchase microzide master card. Automated production machinery often has line shafts that extend the length of the machine (10 m or more) and carry the power to all the workstations heart attack back pain cheap microzide uk. Shafts are carried in bearings, in a simply supported (straddle-mounted) configuration, cantilevered, or overhung, depending on the machine configuration. The pros and cons of these mounting and coupling arrangements will also be discussed. These loads often occur in combination, since, for example, the transmitted torque may be associated with forces at the teeth of gears or sprockets attached to the shafts. The character of both the torque and bending loads may be either steady (constant) or may vary with time. Steady and time-varying torque and bending loads can also occur in any combination on the same shaft. However, such a nonrotating shaft is not a transmission shaft, since it is not transmitting any torque. This chapter is concerned with rotating, transmission shafts and their design for fatigue loading. Note that a rotating shaft subjected to a steady, transverse-bending load will experience a fully reversed stress state as shown in Figure 10-1a. Any one stress element on the shaft surface goes from tension to compression each cycle as the shaft turns. Thus, even for steady bending loads, a rotating shaft must be designed against fatigue failure. If either or both the torque and transverse loads vary with time, the fatigue loading becomes more complex, but the fatigue-design principles remain the same, as outlined in Chapter 6. The torque, for example, could be repeated or fluctuating as shown in Figures 10-1b and c, as could the bending loads. We will deal primarily with the general case, which allows for the possibility of both steady and time-varying components in both bending and torsion loads. If either load lacks a steady or time-varying component in a given case, it will merely force a term in the general equations to zero and simplify the calculation. Steps or shoulders are necessary to provide accurate and consistent axial location of the attached elements as well as to create the proper diameter to fit standard parts such as bearings. Keys, snap rings, or cross-pins are often used to secure attached elements to the shaft in order to transmit the required torque or to capture the part axially. Keys require a groove in both shaft and part and may need a setscrew to prevent axial motion. Each of these changes in contour will contribute some stress concentration and this must be accounted for in the fatigue-stress calculations for the shaft. Use generous radii where possible, and techniques such as those shown in Figures 4-37 (p. Keys and pins can be avoided by using friction to attach elements (gears, sprockets) to a shaft. The hub has a gently tapered bore, and a matching taper on this type of clamp collar is forced into the space between hub and shaft by tightening the bolts. Axial slits in the tapered portion of the collar allow it to change diameter and squeeze the shaft, creating sufficient friction to transmit the torque. Another type of clamp collar, called a split collar, uses a screw to close a radial slit and clamp the collar to the shaft. However, as we will see, these friction couplings also create stress concentrations in the shaft and can cause fretting corrosion as described in Section 7-6 (p. A standard taper pin is sometimes used to couple elements to shafts as seen in the sheave of Figure 10-2. The hole is reamed to match the standardized pin-taper and the purchased pin is driven into place. This technique should be used with caution in locations of large bending moment, as it weakens the shaft as well as creating stress concentration. This requires closetolerance machining of the shaft diameter and requires a step shoulder to provide a stop for the press fit and for axial location. A snap ring is sometimes used to guarantee no axial movement of the shaft versus the bearing as shown at the sheave end of the shaft in Figure 10-2.
Most factory-based machinery and some land-transport vehicles see more uniform-magnitude oscillations in stress and are also expected to endure them for many millions of cycles hypertension 65 years and older 12.5 mg microzide with mastercard. Rules of thumb and approximations are used to estimate material strengths under dynamic loading conditions blood pressure categories chart cheap 25mg microzide visa, especially for the high-cycle fatigue case prehypertension journal order microzide 25 mg line. If specific test data are available for the fatigue strength of the chosen material arrhythmia management institute of south florida buy microzide in united states online, those data should always be used in preference to a calculated estimate. Lacking specific test data, the uncorrected fatigue strength can be estimated as a percentage of the ultimate tensile strength. In either event, the uncorrected fatigue strength is then reduced with a collection of factors as defined in Section 6. The von Mises effective-stress equation is used to create effective alternating and mean components of stress for the most highly loaded points within the part. All appropriate stress-concentration effects should be included in these stress calculations. The mean and alternating von Mises components are then plotted on the modified-Goodman diagram and a safety factor calculated based on an assumption about the way in which the mean and alternating stresses may vary in service. Important Equations Used in this Chapter Fluctuating-Stress Components (Section 6. Christ, the Economic Effects of Fracture in the United States: Part I, Special Pub. Kuguel, A Relation Between Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factor and Fatigue Notch Factor Deduced from the Concept of Highly Stressed Volume. Hardrath, An Engineering Method for Estimating Notch-size Effect in Fatigue Tests on Steel. Garud, A New Approach to the Evaluation of Fatigue Under Multiaxial Loadings, in Methods for Predicting Material Life in Fatigue, W. Nelson, Fatigue Life Predictions for a Notched Shaft in Combined Bending and Torsion, in Multiaxial Fatigue, K. Kawamoto, the Strength of Metals under Combined Alternating Bending and Torsion with Phase Difference. For more information on the strain-life approach to low-cycle fatigue, see: 6 6-15, 6-58, 6-59, 6-60, 6-63 to 6-66 Sect. Socie, A Critical Plane Approach to Multiaxial Fatigue Damage Including Out-of-Phase Loading. Sines, Behavior of Metals Under Complex Static and Alternating Stresses, in Metal Fatigue, G. Repeat Problem 6-10 assuming the 100-kg person in Problem 6-10 jumps up 25 cm and lands back on the board. A track to guide bowling balls is designed with two round rods as shown in Figure P6-6. The distance between the handles is 4 in, and the mean radius r of a steel tong is 6 in. Determine the size of the clevis pin shown in Figure P6-8 needed to withstand an applied repeated force of 0 to 130 000 lb for infinite life. Also determine the required outside radius of the clevis end to not fail in either tearout or bearing if the clevis flanges each are 2. Figure P6-9 shows an automobile wheel with two styles of lug wrench, a singleended wrench in (a), and a double-ended wrench in (b). How many cycles of tightening can be expected before a fatigue failure if the average tightening torque is 100 ft-lb and the material Sut = 60 kpsi Find the infinite-life fatigue safety factor for the pins when a 100-kg person lands a 0. Find the stress state in the beam due to this loading and choose a material specification that will give a safety factor of 3 for N = 5E8 cycles. Find the stress state in the beam due to this loading and choose a material specification that will give a safety factor of 2. Find the stress state in the beam due to this loading and choose a material specification that will give a safety factor of 6 for N = 5E8 cycles. A storage rack is to be designed to hold the paper roll of Problem 6-8 as shown in Figure P6-12.
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