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Additionally medications ms treatment cheap 25/200 mg aggrenox caps free shipping, reproductive and sexual rights encourage the protection of all women from harmful gender-based practices brazilian keratin treatment 25/200 mg aggrenox caps visa. Retrieved on 2007-12-08 "Reproductive rights - access to sexual and reproductive healthcare and autonomy in sexual and reproductive decision-making - are human rights; they are universal symptoms week by week safe aggrenox caps 25/200mg, indivisible treatment yeast uti buy line aggrenox caps, and undeniable. These rights are founded upon principles of human dignity and equality, and have been enshrined in international human rights documents. Reproductive rights also include the right to the highest standards of sexual and reproductive healthcare. Nevertheless, many governments have overlooked the particular problems which young child bearing girls and women face. Some of these problems include obstetric fistulae, unwanted and enforced sexual intercourse, prematurity, childbirth mortality, sexually transmitted diseases, including cervical cancer and malaria. The United Nations has commissioned reports which indicate that in many countries, especially in Sub-Saharan countries that there is a high incidence of marriage among girls aged less than 15 years. In parts of Ethiopia and Nigeria over 50% of girls are married before the age of 15 years. In South Africa, there are legal provisions made for respecting the marriage laws of traditional marriages, whereby a person might be married as young as 12 years for females and 14 years for males. In spite of these legal provisions, child marriage is still widely practiced in some areas of the world, particularly South Asia. The vast majority of those married as children are girls, and if current patterns continue, more than 100 million girls in the developing world will be married during the next 10 years. It forces children to assume responsibilities and handle situations for which they are often physically and psychologically unprepared and not protected. In places where child marriage is practiced, girls rarely have a say in when and to whom they marry. Once married, these young girls continue to have little power and limited autonomy. In addition, many of the families have gained economically from the selling of the young daughters, and are reluctant to take her back should she suffer violence. Traditions further dictate that a girl should tolerate violence and divorce or rejection of a marriage partner is not held to be an alternative to the violence as this is deemed to bring shame on herself and her family. This loss of honour signifies that a Child bride will face many potential consequences of her inability to make free choices. Child brides are often under pressure by their husbands and inlaws to have children as soon as possible. Even if different forms of contraceptives are available, they might be scared to use them and in very few cases are able to access them without the knowledge and permission of their husband or in-laws. One of the most common health issues which are related to having sexual intercourse at an early age is developing obstetric fistula which could be painful, humiliating for young girls and in some cases fatal, destroying their future. Also pregnancy at an early age could result in complications such as heavy bleeding and anaemia. For various reasons such as limited autonomy, being ashamed of their illness or just simply not having access to health services or somebody to protect her and share with, the above health complication can become life threatening. The fact that young mothers fall pregnant is normally as a result of forced sexual intercourse which is a form of gender based violence, the lasting psychological effects are devastating. These can come in the guise of post traumatic stress, a susceptibility to certain illnesses and/or a rejection of their new born and the responsibility that goes with raising a child. If the girl does survive child birth, such young girls do not have the necessary maturity of taking responsibility of becoming a wife and a mother. They are very likely to suffer different forms of violence, physical, sexualized and psychological at the hand of their husbands and in-laws. Often they grow to believe that it is acceptable to be beaten by their husbands and or their in-laws. Also these girls are usually forced to marry much older men who are more likely to die much earlier than them, forcing them into widowhood at a relatively young age and adding yet more vulnerability and stigma to their already complicated lives. Their lack of socialisation with the outside world limits their capabilities and development rendering them solely reproductive bodies. Furthermore, the fact that these women are not able to participate in society, especially in the economic environment, not only hinders their overall development but limits the choices open to their offspring resulting in many countries such as Afghanistan unable to escape the effects of poverty and hardship which runs into generations. And inevitably allows history to repeat itself whereby girls are sold in return for economic compensation. Given the high figures of maternal mortality and indeed the previous and current work engaged by medica mondiale on child and forced marriage, it was decided to obtain the opinions of different stake holders on child and forced marriage and the perception by said stakeholders why child marriage was indeed so pervasive and seems to be so inherent in Afghan society.

Here symptoms 24 hour flu generic 25/200 mg aggrenox caps overnight delivery, only 58% of the gap has been closed so far symptoms 5-6 weeks pregnant buy aggrenox caps australia, and it has slightly widened since last year (see Progress Over Time section on page 15) medicine wheel images purchase aggrenox caps 25/200 mg with amex. The dispersion between the best performing countries and those at the bottom of the ranking is substantial symptoms after flu shot order aggrenox caps 25/200mg without prescription. While the top 10 countries have closed at least 80% of the gap, the bottom 10 countries have only closed 40% of the gap between men and women in the workplace. Among the 10 best performers on this subindex (see Table 2 on page 12), four are from Sub-Saharan African (Benin has closed so far 84. At the other end of the spectrum, economic opportunities for women are extremely limited in India (35. The fact that women are persistently less present in the labour market than men contributes to the Economic Participation and Opportunity gap. On average about 78% of adult men (15­64) are in the labour force, while only 55% of women of the same cohort are actively engaged in the labour market. This means that over 30% of the global labour force participation gender gap has yet to be closed. Further, within the labour market, gender gaps tend to widen together with seniority level. On average, over 40% of the wage gap (the ratio of the wage of woman to that of a man in a similar position) and over 50% of the income gap (the ratio of the total wage and non-wage income of women to that of men) are still to be bridged. These figures highlight how, not only that women in similar positions as men (for seniority and skill levels) are still paid less, but also that income disparities are larger than wage gaps. This difference is due partially to that fact that women encounter challenges to get to senior roles and/or to be employed in high-reward segments of the economy. In many countries, women are significantly disadvantaged in accessing credit, land or financial products which prevent them starting a company or making a living by managing financial assets. For instance, there are still 72 countries (among those 153 covered by this report) where at least some women from specific social groups do not have the right to open a bank account or obtain credit, and 25 countries where not all women have full inheritance rights. In no country in the world is the amount of time spent by men on unpaid work (mainly domestic and volunteer work) equal to that of women; and in many countries, women still spend multiple-folds as much time than men on these activities. Norway or the United States) women spend almost twice as much time as men on unpaid domestic work. As shown by Figure 3, the dedication of women to these activities is not only due to overall standards of living: even in advanced economies such as Japan the share of time that women spend is more than four times that of men. While this analysis is partial, it suggests that in addition to ongoing cultural and social transformations that require a long time to occur, policies that offer cost- and time-effective solutions to housecare needs. Thirty-five countries have already achieved full parity on this subindex, and all regions feature at least one country that has completely closed this gap: nine are in Western Europe, another nine are in Latin America, eight are located in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia region, three in Sub-Saharan Africa, two from East Asia and the Pacific, two from North America, and one each in South Asia and Middle East and North Africa. On the other hand, eight countries have yet to close more than 20% of their gaps: Togo (77. Gender gaps in literacy and basic skills are somewhat wider than those in higher levels of education: 90. Notes Economic participation corresponds to the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex 0­1 (parity). Proportion of unpaid work per day is the ratio of the share of average time spent on unpaid domestic work by women to that of men. Unpaid domestic work includes care and volunteer work, and is expressed as a share of a 24-hour period. A ratio of 1 means that women spend the same share of their time in these activities as men; a ratio of 2 means that women spend twice as much time as men in these activities and so on. At higher levels of education, though parity across gender is more common, participation is still relatively low for both sexes: only approximately 66% of boys and girls are enrolled in secondary education. In this respect, increasing formal education attainment is necessary but not sufficient to provide young men and women graduating from every level of education with the type of skills demanded by the job market in the Fourth Industrial Revolution era. While these types of gender gaps are becoming increasingly important, they 14 are currently not systematically tracked by national statistics. To shed light on these new dynamics, Chapter 2 offers a deep dive into gender gaps in emerging jobs and the related skills required for those jobs.

Women with higher levels of education are less likely to accept domestic violence treatment hypercalcemia buy aggrenox caps once a day, have greater control over household resource decisions symptoms joint pain purchase aggrenox caps 25/200mg line, and have greater freedom of movement medicine lyrics best order for aggrenox caps. These insights come from multiple country studies as well as recent rigorous cross-country analyses medicine prescription discount 25/200 mg aggrenox caps overnight delivery, such as one led by the World Bank researcher Jeni Klugman, who ultimately concludes that "education is particularly powerful in helping women overcome unequal and oppressive social limits and expectations so they can make choices about their lives. In all regions, women with more education also tend to marry later and have fewer children. Although 65 percent of women with a secondary education or higher experience one of these deprivations, 90 percent of those with primary school or less do. For women who experience all three deprivations, it is just one in twenty for those with a secondary and one in five for women with only a primary education. On average, women report greater freedom of movement if they are educated, identify themselves as the head of the household, or belong to a richer household. Aslam finds that higher schooling for Pakistani girls is related to their perceived role in spouse choice. The age of marriage rises beyond early teen years and pregnancies are more widely spaced. In general, female education is more effective in reducing violence against women where social norms already allow women more voice and choice in their own lives, and education can help change those norms. In those roles, some country studies suggest that they are much more likely to advocate for decisions and policy that benefit family and community life, such as improved social services. Education gives girls the chance to become policymakers, entrepreneurs, or leaders in their community. Drawing on life histories of women leaders at different levels of government in eight countries, Tadros found that, among other factors, the profile of women leaders often included education, with a correlation between the level of education and the level of government office. The study finds: "If women are to make the transition from being informal political leaders to assuming formal political office to move from contesting at the local to the meso or national levels, meeting the minimum education attainment that is socially expected is a prerequisite. Girls from disadvantaged households do not have a family life that can provide the foundation for the development and exercise of leadership and political capabilities in adult life. The evidence shows that women leaders are educated women, and particularly so beyond the community level. Women need an education to access power, but they also need further education and professional training to be credible and have influence once they are in leadership positions, within civic associations, business, and formal political positions. The study combined information on state assembly elections between 1980 and 2007 with information on literacy rates across 287 districts in India. It is estimated that raising the female literacy rate to 42 percent would increase the share of female candidates by 16 percent, the share of votes obtained by women candidates by 13 percent, and female voter turnout by 4 percent. Research suggests that governments and other institutions function better and with less corruption as women gain education and approach parity with men. This rigorous 459-village study by several researchers, including Esther Duflo, looks at the effects of a 1993 law in India that reserved leadership positions for women in randomly selected villages. A village council could have reserved positions for women in two election cycles, one election cycle, or never. In villages where leadership positions on village councils were reserved for women, adolescent girls were more likely to want a job that required an education, to want to marry after age eighteen, and to want to be something other than a housewife. Furthermore, in villages where council leadership was not reserved for women, boys were 6 percent more likely to attend school than girls, and were 4 percent more likely to know how to read and write. In villages where leadership was reserved for women for two consecutive election cycles, that gap between boys and girls in these education measures was nonexistent. On Becoming a Woman Leader: Learning from the Experiences of University Presidents. With the increasing attention to climate change, extreme weather, and natural disasters, a number of recent studies have examined the social and economic factors that are associated with reducing vulnerability, especially for adolescent girls (Swarup et al. Even when shocks do not have differential gender effects, the absolute welfare losses for both men (and boys) and women (and girls) can be substantial. Adopting progressive but feasible policies to educate girls can make countries significantly less vulnerable to natural disasters.

Health care providers report that women trafficked into streetwork come to them in "very poor health symptoms 9dp5dt cheap 25/200mg aggrenox caps with mastercard," [Ambulatorio per Stranieri symptoms ear infection generic 25/200 mg aggrenox caps with amex, Trieste (Clinic for foreigners)] medications 1 order aggrenox caps once a day. When asked whether they felt safe in their workplace symptoms colon cancer buy aggrenox caps 25/200mg fast delivery, none of the 20 respondents reported feeling safe. In addition, women were forced to perform acts that were not only a danger to their health, but for which they felt a personal loathing, "I was disgusted by my job" [Jessica, Albania to Italy]. They comprise the context within which people discern their self-worth and their value to others. Women were asked a series of questions aimed at gaining an understanding of how they perceived the physical and psychological conditions of their workplace and living situation. This included inquiries about the physical environment, hours, safety, the aspects they perceived to be the most difficult, and those they most appreciated. Keti, Albania to Italy Seventeen out of 20 respondents stated they worked seven days per week. Women reported working punishing schedules, between 5 and 14 hours per day, most explaining that they began work in the evening and finished in the early morning, or when there were no more customers. Olena, Ukraine to Kosovo Another recalled conditions so unspeakable she could hardly tolerate the memory, "The conditions were awful. Too difficult to talk about, or to remember" [Oskana, 62 Women were asked which aspect of work they felt was most difficult. Other frequent complaints included exhaustion and the longing for family, "physical tiredness and being away from children" [Marja, Albania to Italy]. Punishing fatigue often predominates for women who are made to work the streets, like Tetyana who lamented how there was "no possibility even to sit for a while" [Tetyana, Ukraine to Italy]. Laura, like other women abused by their pimps, felt that the abuse and accompanying health risks were most intolerable, "I was always forced to have sex with my pimp, and the clients, they never used any kind of protection, they also beat me up sometimes" [Laura, Romania to Albania]. The worst aspects most often reported by respondents were their fear of diseases, work without condoms, the health risks and consequences of trafficking in women and adolescents. There was one soap for everybody, one towel, the bed-clothes were washed very rarely. Two who worked in Yugoslavia and Kosovo said, "I lived and slept in the same bed as I worked". For the rest, although they resided in a different location, their home environment was nonetheless filled with similar stresses and dangers. Another woman working the streets of Italy said that she was confined in her room each day when she was not working. Ten felt the physical comfort of the living quarters was acceptable, but explained that residing with their pimps made their home life stressful, confining, and often violent. Two women 63 specifically stated that what they found intolerable was to be treated as "a piece of meat," valued according to the amount their body procured. One woman explained that worst was the "isolation," and another said "relationships with people. Olena, trafficked from Ukraine to Yugoslavia and Kosovo, said, "When I was ill I got no help. Similarly, a woman from Kosovo expressed her profound regret that as much as she wanted to go to church, she felt too dirty to cross the threshold. While no specific questions were posed about religious beliefs, many trafficked women working in the sex industry came from religious cultures where reconciling their faith with their work would be unimaginable. Keti, Albania to Italy Women were asked about the aspects of their work they most appreciated. Nearly all of the respondents stated with certainty that there was "nothing" good about their work. One woman cited, "friends who supported me" [Olena, Ukraine to Yugoslavia, Kosovo], and another trafficked from Ukraine to Italy said she appreciated the warm weather and the high standard of living. Public health clinic ("consutorio familiare"), Mestre, Venice Providing health care to women who are in a traffickingwork setting poses a number of challenges. Based primarily on interviews with groups and individuals working with sex workers and other marginalized Destination stage populations, a number of key issues emerged: 1. Therefore, we entered the network of all social institutions in the area: charity organisations (Catholic and non), trade unions, education and training agencies. Several groups in Italy noticed that non-health requests have rapidly increased since 2000.

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