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A form of epilepsy that starts with a focal seizure in one part of the brain erectile dysfunction penile injections cheapest generic sildenafil uk, usually involving the twitching of a finger or toe or the corner of the mouth erectile dysfunction treatment saudi arabia order cheap sildenafil, and then spreads throughout the motor cortex until the whole body enters a seizure erectile dysfunction gnc cheap 75 mg sildenafil, which ends with unconsciousness erectile dysfunction pump for sale cheap 50 mg sildenafil overnight delivery. The idea that emotions are perceptions of bodily states which are evoked by perception of exciting situations in the environment. A form focal of epilepsy accompanied by localized parasthenias such as burning, tingling, or numbness. The theory that degeneration of mental functions through mental disorder or neurological impairment recapitulates ontogeny in the sense that the more recently evolved a mental function or structure is, the more quickly it will disappear as a disease progresses. The specialized language and words associated with particular activities or professions. The type of childhood babbling which has the intonations and cadence of adult speech but contains no words. Meaningless speech intended to occupy the listener without actually communicating. A set of specialized sensors in the nose that in nonhuman mammals respond to sex pheromones and play a significant role in sexual physiology, arousal, and behavior. A method of relaxation in which the subject is instructed to go through the body, focusing 270 n. Jargon jealousy Jungian aphasia (or jargonaphasia) can be regarded as an extreme version of fluent aphasia found in usually extended left temporal or temporal-parietal lesions. Three subtypes of jargon can be distinguished, depending on the dominant substitutions: neologistic jargon, phonemic jargon, and semantic jargon, even though it is frequent to find a combination of all of them. This term is most commonly used in cases of romantic jealousy when one person wants to supplant another in a relationship. If the employees perceive their jobs to be threatened if the test for efficiency shows the automated process to be superior to human performance, they may work at peak efficiency during the comparison period so as to minimize any overall differences in performance. The idea that the older of two associations of equal strength will be strengthened more easily and will be more resistant to decay. An educational technique in which students are divided into work groups who are assigned a general topic. Each member of the group is assigned a different aspect of the topic, and students with the same aspects leave their groups to work together to learn the aspect and then return to their work groups and teach their fellow group members what they learned outside the group. In psychophysics, a decision as to the presence or absence of a stimulus or the relative magnitude of stimuli. The degree to which a worker is content with his or her job, including his/her attitudes toward the work itself, the social situation at work, pay, supervision, possibility of advancement, recognition, and status. A set of two seemingly random dot patterns which contain a subset of dots that are slightly shifted to the other dots, so that when the two patterns are viewed simultaneously but separately by the two eyes, the shift produces retinal disparity, which makes the shifted dots seem to float above the background of unshifted dots. A concept related to experimental validity; the term describes the phenomenon of special effort put forth by the control group in a research study. In an experiment in which the assignment of experimental and control conditions is made public and the control group will be at a disadvantage if a treatment is successful, the control group may be motivated n. A small raised stand on which a rat or other small animal was placed and trained to jump toward one of two doors, which were labeled with stimuli between which the rat was being trained to discriminate. If the rat made the correct choice, the door opened and the rat found food behind it. If the rat made the wrong choice, the door would be locked and the rat would fall, usually into a net below but sometimes into iced water or something else. Of or relating to Carl Jung or his ideas, which are usually called analytical psychology. In general, a form of psychoanalysis based on the work of Carl Jung which took into account the cultural history of the person and his or her family and various mental symbols associated with them. Jung noted that his therapeutic technique was to be one human being with another and that he used whatever form of therapy seemed to suit the relationship between a particular client and him. A field of study within social and cognitive psychology which examines how psychological and demographic variables and interpersonal processes affect the decisions juries make. A field within forensic psychology which predicts jury decision making and is used by attorneys in selecting members of juries. The observation that most people in Western cultures believe or make judgments suggesting that they believe that there is a power at work in the world creating justice so that if a person commits an evil act, he/she is ultimately punished, and if he/she does good things, he/she is eventually rewarded.

Making these associations requires effortful thought impotence 1 discount sildenafil 25 mg with visa, which allows for the creation of strong erectile dysfunction doctor philippines buy sildenafil 50mg online, durable memories in contrast to rote memorization erectile dysfunction pink guy buy sildenafil 25mg without a prescription. This type of 177 Electra complex elevated mood rehearsal also creates a great variety of cues that one can use to retrieve a memory at a later time psychological erectile dysfunction drugs buy 25mg sildenafil with mastercard. An example of elaborative rehearsal is the examination of the actual meanings of the words in a word list rather than reliance solely on the rehearsal of the sound or spelling of the words. Aside from formulating associations, there are additional techniques that are used for elaborative rehearsal. These include the creation of mnemonic devices, such as forming acronyms that make it easier to transfer information into long-term memory, which in turn, creates strong and durable memories that are easy to retrieve. Moreover, one can organize new information by incorporating it in a related group of concepts or into a story based upon prior knowledge that is stored in long-term memory. In psychoanalysis, the process that girls go through in middle childhood in which they fi rst become focused on pleasant feelings in the clitoris. This is done so that she will be able to grow up and be like her mother and attract and marry a man like her father, because doing so will give her possession of the power of his penis, which will lead to emotional connection with the mother by becoming a mother herself. The process of making graphs of the electrical current passing through different portions of the brain over time by means of a set of electrodes attached to the skin of the head in a standard pattern. The range of electromagnetic waves from the very short gamma rays to the very long waves used by radio. The names for the different wavelengths in order from shortest to longest are gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible light, infrared light, microwaves, and radio waves. This has been used as a tool so that the function of different brain areas can be mapped by observing the 178 n. An emotional tone characterized by positiveness, as in happiness, cheerfulness, wellbeing, elation, and gaiety. To bring forth, as a stimulus of a particular kind brings forth a response of a particular kind. To send forth, as a decaying radioactive element may emit a particle of radiation or an organism may be said to emit a behavior. A cultural value that refers to the degree to which individuals in a group value their ingroups, see themselves as integral and fundamental parts of their in-groups, and consider themselves as fundamentally interrelated with others in their in-group. A spontaneous, voluntary behavior that occurs without external motivation; contrasted with elicited behaviors, which are evoked by a stimulus. When an emitted behavior is strengthened or weakened by the events that follow the response, it is called operant or respondent behavior. A gesture that takes the place of a verbal expression and is understood by most of the members of a particular culture or subculture. A physical object, symbol, or representation of something else which conveys a meaning within a particular culture or subculture. A transient, neurophysiological response to a stimulus that excites a coordinated system of bodily and mental responses that inform us about our relationship to the stimulus and prepare us to deal with it in some way. In humans, the stage of development of a fertilized egg from the cleaving of the zygote until about 8 weeks, when the major organs develop and it begins to be called a fetus. A graphic representation of the electrical activity of a muscles or group of muscles over time recorded by electrodes attached to the skin over the muscles. Of or relating to an approach to studying or understanding human functioning from within the perspective of the culture being examined. A culture-specific psychological process or construct, that is, one that is valid or applicable in only one culture. Perceiving emotion refers to the ability to identify emotions in oneself and others, as well as in other stimuli, including voices, stories, music, and works of art. Using emotion refers to the ability to harness feelings to assist in certain cognitive activities such as problem solving, decision making, creative thinking, and interpersonal communication. Understanding emotions involves knowledge of both emotion-related terms and the manner in which emotions combine, progress, and transition from one to the other. Managing emotions includes the ability to employ strategies that alter feelings, and the assessment of the effectiveness of these regulation strategies. Emotional intelligence quickly captured 179 emotional stability encephalogram the attention of the media, general public, educators, and researchers. The idea is that relaxation is a response incompatible with fear and anxiety, with which the subject usually responds to the imagined situations, and that the subject will learn to respond with relaxation rather than fear and anxiety when confronted with the emotion-laden situations in real life. An unverbalized and covert mode of communication between two people who share an interpersonal attunement.

Weight gain and alopecia (usually reversible on drug withdrawal) are relatively common and not infrequently lead to treatment withdrawal erectile dysfunction drugs india order cheap sildenafil online, especially in women causes of erectile dysfunction in 20 year olds order 25mg sildenafil free shipping. An association with polycystic ovary syndrome 60784 impotence of organic origin buy generic sildenafil 50mg on-line, presenting as menstrual disorder erectile dysfunction pump on nhs buy sildenafil 75 mg fast delivery, obesity and hirsutism, is recognised although the incidence is uncertain. Fatal hepatotoxicity has been reported, almost exclusively in children less than 2 years old taking polytherapy in the context of complex neurological disorders. The cosmetic, cognitive and teratogenic (see Drug toxicity, earlier) effects of valproate complicate its use in women. The most significant relates to the addition of valproate to lamotrigine treatment, which may more than double serum concentration of the latter. Ethosuximide Ethosuximide is a first-line treatment for absence seizures for which it is probably equally effective as valproate. Ethosuximide is considered the drug of first choice for absence seizures in younger children. Phenytoin Phenytoin has a broad spectrum of action and may be considered as a first-line treatment for generalised and partial seizures. Non-linear pharmacokinetics mean that small adjustments in dosage may be accompanied by marked Individual antiepileptic drugs the following section is intended as a guide to the principal indications and important advantages or disadvantages of the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs for adults. A comprehensive account is given in the standard text the Treatment of Epilepsy (Shorvon et al. A therapeutic range of serum concentration is reasonably well established, although clinical experience suggests that levels at the lower end of the range may be effective for generalised seizures whereas the higher end of the range may be required in patients with partial seizures. However, clinical response and side effects, rather than serum levels, guide dose selection in individual patients. Cosmetic side effects are important and include coarsened facial features, hirsutism and gum hyperplasia. Other longer-term effects include folate and vitamin K deficiency, osteomalacia, dyskinesias and, more rarely, peripheral neuropathy and cerebellar atrophy. While phenytoin is effective and broad spectrum, its acute and longer term side-effect profile place it behind other first-line treatments. Barbituates Phenobarbital is a cheap, highly effective, broad-spectrum treatment for generalised and partial seizures. Its use has declined because of a relatively high rate of neurotoxic effects, particularly sedation, cognitive slowing, and mood and behavioural disturbance (especially in children). Other relatively common side effects include folate and vitamin K deficiency, osteomalacia and soft-tissue abnormalities. A further disadvantage is the occurrence of dependence and a withdrawal syndrome (which may include withdrawal seizures) when the drug is discontinued. Primidone is rapidly converted to phenobarbital but may also have an independent antiepileptic action. Benzodiazepines Clonazepam has a broad spectrum of action and is used as adjunctive treatment for partial and generalised seizures. Its use is limited primarily by its sedative effect, which may be severe, prolonged and associated with behavioural disturbance. Tolerance is also an important disdvantage and may be associated with both a loss of efficacy in some patients and a withdrawal syndrome on discontinuation. Clobazam also has a broad spectrum of action but is generally better tolerated than clonazepam. It may be a very effective adjunctive treatment but tolerance leads to reduced efficacy in up to 50% of patients. Clobazam also has a special place as an intermittent treatment given for seizure clusters, as prophylaxis to cover special occasions and for catamenial seizures. Lamotrigine Lamotrigine is a first-line drug for partial and generalised seizures and is useful as both monotherapy and adjunctive treatment. The most important hypersensitivity reaction is a rash, which is seen in some 10%. The rash is typically maculopapular or erythematous, associated with pruritis, and appears some 4 weeks after starting treatment. Patients must be warned about this and treatment withdrawn if a rash appears: withdrawal should be carried out over about 2 weeks, more abruptly if skin reactions are severe.

Almost half (48%) went on to make one or more further attempts erectile dysfunction drug buy generic sildenafil on line, Head Injury 223 typically within 1 year of the index attempt impotence medical definition best order for sildenafil. Two reviews of people who completed suicide after head injury identified post-injury rates of suicide attempt of 25% and 62 erectile dysfunction cream 16 buy sildenafil toronto. The relative contribution of premorbid erectile dysfunction drugs in homeopathy sildenafil 100 mg free shipping, injury and postinjury factors to suicide and suicide attempts is still unclear. One major difficulty is that suicide and head injuries share a number of antecedent risk factors, including the predominance of young adult males, a history of substance abuse or psychiatric illness, and aggressive personality traits. In the case of mild head injuries, Teasdale and Engberg (2001) have suggested that these type of factors, present premorbidly or concomitant to the head injury, may be of more significance than the brain damage per se in the subsequent suicides. In contrast, after severe injuries it is likely that the pattern of neuropathology, residual adaptive abilities, psychological reactions to the injury and the presence of psychiatric disorders play a significant role, both in completed suicide (Teasdale & Engberg 2001) and suicide attempts (Simpson & Tate 2005). In the case of suicides, lesions were commonly found in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain (Vaukhonen 1959). Risk factors for suicide attempts include a post-injury history of psychiatric/emotional disturbance or substance abuse, as well as clinically significant levels of suicide ideation (Simpson & Tate 2002, 2005). There was a powerful interaction between risk factors such that patients with both a post-injury history of psychiatric disturbance and substance abuse were 21 times more likely to have made a post-injury suicide attempt than patients with neither (Simpson & Tate 2005). Premorbid risk factors cannot be discounted, even in those with more severe injuries. With regard to treatment, practice options suggested by current research include reducing the lethality of the environment, following published guidelines in the prescription and administration of medication, treatment of comorbid substance abuse or depressive disorders, and increased monitoring/support for at least 1 year following a suicide attempt. However, because post-concussion syndrome may also follow moderate and severe injuries, it is discussed separately. Some of these matters have already been considered, but with reference to the full range of head injury severity. Studies of concussion in sport have provided unique opportunities for observation. In terms of the boundary between no significant head injury and mild head injury, most will allow any disturbance of consciousness, not necessarily loss of consciousness, such that the patient meets the criterion of having suffered a concussion (see Impairment of consciousness, under Acute effects of head injury, earlier in chapter). More recently there has been interest in the potential effects of blast injury, and there is uncertainty as to the extent of any brain damage caused by the air pressure wave of an explosion. Even more restrictive are those definitions that do not allow focal intracranial abnormalities on brain imaging. However, for the purposes of the discussion here, these more restrictive definitions are not used. On the one hand there appears to be no stepwise effect of loss of consciousness on outcome (see below). It will also cover somebody who is unconscious for 20 minutes after a fall from 10 metres and is still a little confused 12 hours later in casualty. The second question is much more difficult to answer and therefore contentious: how many suffer diffuse axonal injury, perhaps invisible on neuroimaging, which nevertheless explains some of the postconcussional symptoms The first question is of most interest to the neurosurgeon or emergency physician in relation to triage and follow-up of patients presenting after a mild head injury. It is worth noting that although only a very small proportion suffer complications, because mild head injury is so much more common than moderate and severe head injury, a significant proportion of those who do suffer complications requiring surgery have mild injuries. For example, more than 40% of all patients with depressed fractures have never lost consciousness (Jennett 1989). Three lines of evidence suggest that diffuse axonal injury may occur after mild head injury. Using more sensitive techniques, which are however probably less specific and therefore run the danger that they may be sensitive to effects other than trauma, Blumbergs et al. When given a very brief anaesthetic to cover the procedure, cats recover in minutes with no residual signs evident at 1 day and usually no macroscopic findings in the brain. Yet there is widespread evidence of diffuse axonal injury, particularly involving long tracts. However, even if neurones are not permanently damaged after mild head injury, is there good evidence for neuronal dysfunction

This is frequently used in describing relationships between stimuli and the perception of those stimuli erectile dysfunction rap sildenafil 75mg with mastercard. The view that psychology is the most important form of intellectual investigation erectile dysfunction treatment dallas texas purchase sildenafil 100 mg with mastercard, from which all others are derived impotence psychological effective 25mg sildenafil. An exaggeration of the importance of psychology or psychological concepts or variables erectile dysfunction and icd 9 sildenafil 100mg with amex. Any of several theoretical positions including the idea that logic is persuasive only because it fits the way that the human mind works, that knowledge originates in the workings of the mind and so only by understanding the way the mind works can one understand the origin of knowledge, that words mean what our ideas of words are, or that truth is a correspondence of the workings of the human mind and the external world. A subdiscipline of psychology focusing on the measurement of individual differences across a range of human constructs (including attitudes, abilities, interests, beliefs, achievement, personality, and knowledge). Psychometric research aims to enhance the theoretical understanding of psychological assessment as well as create tests, instruments, and procedures to be utilized in an applied setting. Much of the emphasis in psychometrics is integrating theory and statistics to ensure that psychological tests and measurements are valid and reliable. Of or relating to any relationship between bodily movement and the functioning of mind. A person who is trained in psychological research or the clinical practice of psychology and is usually actively engaged in one of those fields. Such persons usually hold doctoral degrees in psychology and are required to have licenses to engage in clinical practice in most areas, although in some areas some activities are performed without doctoral degrees. Excessive motor movement not directed toward any goal that is characteristic of anxiety or tension. This often includes pacing; hand wringing; pulling at the hair, ear lobes, or clothing; jiggling limbs; or other fidgeting. The study of the mind, including consciousness, perception, motivation, behavior, the biology of the nervous system in its relation to mind, scientific methods of studying the mind, cognition, social interactions in relation to mind, individual differences, and the application of these approaches to practical problems in organization and commerce and especially to the alleviation of suffering. A seizure disorder in which there is a complex set of psychological experiences, which may include illusory sensory experiences, paramnesias, and strong emotions, and which often is evidenced by repetitive motor movements such as tapping, grimacing, chewing, or swallowing but no convulsions typical of grand mal seizures. It was formerly called temporal lobe epilepsy as the focus for the seizures is most commonly in the temporal lobe. The study of the recursive interaction of psychological states, traits, and behavior on the substrates of neural function and endocrinology, and immune system responsivity. In the science of the early 20th century, it 411 psychopathology psychosis was assumed that the immune system operated independently of control or influence of other systems of the body. In wellness, illness, and especially oncology, practitioners often encourage their clients to imagine the immune system cells destroying their tumors or infections, and/or encourage clients to draw pictures of the immune cells in action as an aid to recovery. In psychoanalytic theory, the origin and maturation of the mind as it develops, guided by the pursuit of sexual pleasure and constrained by reality. Psychoanalysis assumes all pleasure is sexual in nature and is focused in different organs in stages over the course of maturation, and the development of mind in each stage affects the course of future development as well as adult functioning. A repetitive or enduring problem in sexual function which has mental rather than physical causes. The study of mental disorders, including their origin, diagnosis, symptoms, course, associated features, epidemiology, physical correlates, cultural meaning, and treatment. An archaic term for a mental disorder characterized by lack of guilt and remorse, impulsiveness, rule breaking, and disregard for others which is prevalent among violent criminals who repeat their offenses and which was originally called moral imbecility. The study of the effects of psychoactive drugs and other chemicals on the mind and body with a particular emphasis on using the drugs to alleviate mental disorders and suffering. A formal description of the relationships between stimulus characteristics and the perception of the stimuli. Any of the five stages of development hypothesized by Sigmund Freud as part of his psychoanalytic theory. These include the oral stage, in which infants are focused on oral pleasure and in which the ego or sense of self and real world first develop; the anal stage, in which the child is focused on pleasure in the bowels and rectum and in which ego gains strength and the development of superego or morality begins; the phallic stage, in which the center of pleasure shifts to either the penis or the clitoris and children go through an immense conflict over love and sexuality whose resolution leads to the temporary repression of overt sexuality and thus entry into the latency period, in which sexual pleasure is indirect and the child usually seeks to emulate the same-sex parent; and finally the genital stage, in which puberty overcomes the repression of sexuality and the person must include mature sexual expression in his or her ideas of who he/she is and learn to love and work in ways culturally appropriate to his/her sex. The branch of psychology that studies the relationships between stimulus characteristics and the perception of those stimuli. This has included temporal lobectomy for severe cases of epileptic lobe seizure disorder and, in the past, prefrontal leucotomy for schizophrenia and other disorders.

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